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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:13 pm
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Results for crime statistics (canada)
6 results foundAuthor: Savoie, Josee Title: Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Crime in Canada: Summary of Major Trends, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2006 Summary: "This paper summarizes the major trends in the series on the spatial analysis of crime conducted by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) using geographic information system technology in Canadian cities. The main purpose of this analytical series, which was funded by the National Crime Prevention Centre at Public Safety Canada, was to explore the relationships between the distribution of crime and the demographic, socio‑economic and functional characteristics of neighbourhoods." Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource; Crime and Justice Research Paper Series; no. 15; Accessed August 16, 2010 at: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/statcan/85-561-M/85-561-MIE2008015.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/statcan/85-561-M/85-561-MIE2008015.pdf Shelf Number: 112357 Keywords: (Canada)Crime Statistics (Canada)Geographic StudiesNeighborhoods and CrimeSocioeconomic Status (Canada)Spatial Analysis |
Author: Dauvergne, Mia Title: Police-Reported Hate Crime in Canada, 2008 Summary: This report examines 2008 data on the nature and extent of hate-motivated crimes reported to Canadian police services. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2010. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Juristat Articles, Vol 30, no. 2, 2010; Accessed, August 21, 2010 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010002/article/11233-eng.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010002/article/11233-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 119252 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Canada)Hate Crime (Canada) |
Author: Brennan, Shannon Title: Police-Reported Crime Statistics in Canada, 2010 Summary: Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2010: Highlights include • In 2010, police-reported crime in Canada continued its downward trend. Both the volume and severity of crime fell from the previous year, down 5% and 6% respectively. • There were approximately 77,000 fewer police-reported crimes in 2010 than in 2009. Decreases among property crimes — namely theft under $5,000, mischief, motor vehicle thefts, and break and enters — accounted for the majority of the decline. Police also reported decreases in homicide, attempted murder, robbery and assault. • The 2010 crime rate, which measures the volume of police-reported crime, reached its lowest level since the early 1970s. The Crime Severity Index, which measures the seriousness of crime, dropped to its lowest point since this measure first became available in 1998. • The severity of crime decreased or remained stable across the country in 2010, with the exception of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Alberta and British Columbia reported the largest declines, down 8% and 7% respectively. • Most of Canada’s census metropolitan areas, including the ten largest, reported decreases in crime severity. Despite an 8% decline, Regina continued to report the highest index in the country followed by the other western cities of Saskatoon and Winnipeg. • Canada’s Violent Crime Severity Index fell 6%, the fourth consecutive annual decline and the largest drop seen in more than a decade. The decline in the rate of violent crime was more modest, down 3%. • With 554 homicides in 2010, the homicide rate dropped 10% and reached its lowest point since the mid-1960s. The rate of attempted murders also fell (-14%) and reached its lowest point since 1977. • Following three consecutive annual increases, the rate of impaired driving offences dropped 6% in 2010. The rate of impaired driving has been generally declining since peaking in 1981. • In contrast to most types of crime, increases were reported in the rates of child pornography offences (+36%), firearm offences (+11%), criminal harassment (+5%), and sexual assault (+5%). • Drug offences also increased in 2010 (+10%), driven primarily by a higher number of cannabis offences. The overall increase continues the upward trend that began in the early 1990s. • Both the rate and severity of youth crime decreased in 2010, down 7% and 6% respectively. The severity of violent crime committed by youth also decreased, down 4% from 2009. • There were 56 youth accused of homicide in 2010, 23 fewer than in 2009, resulting in a 29% decline in the rate. Declines were also seen in the rates of youth accused for many other offences in 2010, including motor vehicle thefts (-14%), serious assault (-12%) and break and enters (-10%). Robbery was one of the few crimes committed by youth to increase in 2010, up 2%. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2011. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Juristat Article: Accessed July 26, 2011 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11523-eng.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11523-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 122166 Keywords: Crime RatesCrime Statistics (Canada) |
Author: Mahamed, Mahamed Rage Title: Police-reported clearance rates in Canada, 2010 Summary: This report presents information on trends in crimes solved by police at the national, provincial/territorial and police service levels. It includes a comparison of clearance rates for selected violent and non-violent crimes, such as homicide, robbery, sexual assault, break-ins and motor vehicle theft. The report also examines options that police have for clearing incidents, including the laying of formal charges or by other means such as alternative measures for youth. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2012. 23p. Source: Juristat Article: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2012 at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11647-eng.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11647-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 125391 Keywords: Clearance Rates (Canada)Crime Statistics (Canada)Police Investigations (Canada)Police Performance (Canada) |
Author: Newark, Scott Title: Police-reported Crime Statistics in Canada: Still More Questions Than Answers Summary: Juristat’s (a division of Statistics Canada) annual Police-reported Crime Statistics in Canada provides an incomplete portrait of crime in Canada because of the way it collects and collates data. Many gaps contribute to this situation. are otherwise alerted, not the actual number of criminal incidents in the country—the two being vastly different: Canadians are only reporting 31 percent of crime, in part because of perceptions that nothing will be done by the justice system or even because of a fear of retribution. Another important gap is that Statistics Canada arbitrarily reports only one—the most serious—offence in an incident and probation, only what was deemed to be the ‘most serious’ offence would be reported by Juristat. On a positive note, and in contrast to Juristat’s practice, police services across the country are moving towards counting and reporting all offences and facilitating public reporting of crime. If adopted, such an approach also would bring drug-related crimes into Juristat’s count, which are currently not preceding year only); such comparisons are necessary to identify longer trends instead of just last year’s change. As well, relevant and available data about the criminal history of offenders is not included despite its clear value as a systemic performance measure and for legislative reform. This is especially important since recidivists commit persons charged with homicide in 2011 had a previous criminal record (most for violent offences) and the Justice - formation is available somewhere. Data such as this belongs in Juristat’s annual report on crime in Canada. Juristat’s Crime Severity Index also brings an inappropriate element of subjectivity to the measurement of crime. The Index, which is designed to separate serious from minor crime, attributes a “weight” to a crime based on the sentence the judge has subjectively decided is appropriate, not on the objective severity of the crime itself. or not) lowers the reported ‘severity’ of the crime and the attendant statistics related thereto. decreasing over time. Juristat report shows that only one recommendation has been implemented. The report also omits key findings and trends from its Highlights section that would provide a more balanced and accurate snapshot of crime in Canada. Details: Ottawa, ON: Macdonald-Laurier Institute, 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2013 at: http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/Police-reported-Crime-Statistics-in-Canada-February-2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/Police-reported-Crime-Statistics-in-Canada-February-2013.pdf Shelf Number: 129490 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Canada)Crime Surveys |
Author: McCormick, Amanda V. Title: Challenges Associated with Interpreting and Using Police Clearance Rates Summary: Police-reported crime statistics include frequency of criminal incidents, the severity of incidents, and the solve rate of incidents (Statistics Canada, 2011). These statistics are collected nationally on a monthly basis from over 1,200 different police departments in Canada, and are used to determine the overall crime and clearance rates annually reported to the public in a Statistics Canada document describing trends on a national, provincial, and, at times, municipal basis (Statistics Canada, 2011; Wallace, 2009). Police-reported crime statistics are collected for Statistics Canada by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Surveys (Wallace, 2009). One survey collects aggregate data, while the other collects incident-based data; specifically, incident and offender characteristics (Statistics Canada, 2003). Importantly, when a single criminal event involves multiple offences (e.g. an intoxicated person who committed an assault in public is found to be holding a small amount of marijuana), the aggregate UCR collects data on only the most serious incident (the assault)1; therefore, the national statistics on crime represents only a portion of the total amount of crime. While the UCR Incident-Based Survey records additional incidents (although detailed information pertaining to the additional offences is not reported), there is a maximum of four violations allowed recorded per incident, meaning that undercounting of criminal incidents occurs (Wallace, Turner, Matarrazo, & Babyak, 2009). Furthermore, data reported to CCJS does not reflect all activities of police, as many calls for service are based on violations of provincial (e.g. Mental Health Act) or municipal (e.g. bylaw issues) legislation. UCR-based data is further limited in that it does not reflect the dark figure of crime, i.e. the amount of crime not detected, reported to, or recorded by police, nor does it reflect unfounded (crimes that were reported but which did not actually occur) or unsubstantiated (crimes that were reported but police determine there is no evidence to support that an offence occurred) crimes. These offences are not reflected in UCR data, and, therefore, are not factored into crime and clearance rates (Statistics Canada, 2011; Wallace et al., 2009). Instead, UCR data only consists of crimes that have been reported and substantiated by police. Despite these restrictions and limitations, these official statistics are commonly used by policy makers, academics/researchers, and the general public to draw inferences about the effectiveness of various police forces at deterring, investigating, and solving crime, and inform the public about the quantity and nature of crime (Hollins, 2007). Crime rates are calculated by dividing the number of criminal incidents in a given time period (often the past year) by a given population number (often 100,000 for national statistics or 1,000 for provincial). Thus, the crime rate theoretically allows for meaningful comparisons to be drawn between jurisdictions as the size of the population is controlled. However, using crime rates for this purpose should be done with caution, given the limitations on the types of data included. Similarly, clearance rates are calculated by dividing the number of solved crimes by the total number of crimes. Theoretically, clearance rates measure the effectiveness of a police force at investigating and successfully solving crimes. According to Statistics Canada, crimes are "solved" when police have sufficient evidence to charge an individual with the offence. These solved offences can then be cleared through a charge or cleared "otherwise", meaning that police had sufficient grounds to lay charges, but proceeded in some other way, such as by diverting the chargeable suspect. These two forms of solving crime are factored into the clearance rate, which, prior to 2009, was calculated by dividing the total number of calls successfully cleared by the total number of known incidents. The remaining offences not cleared may be left as founded uncleared in that there is evidence that a crime occurred, but not enough evidence to identify a chargeable suspect. Alternatively, the offence may be unfounded or unsubstantiated but, as previously noted, these latter two offence types will not be factored into the crime or clearance rates, as there is insufficient evidence that a crime actually occurred. Calls for service can also be scored as involving assistance, information, or prevention; similar to unfounded or unsubstantiated calls, these do not involve reportable offences and so are not factored into crime or clearance rates. With these non-reportable exceptions to police calls for service, founded uncleared crimes represent the overall number of reportable crimes unsolved by police. Recently, changes have occurred to both crime and clearance rate calculations to factor in the severity of crimes cleared by police. This is a very important change because, previously, crime rates would be dominated by high volume, but relatively minor crimes. For example, a decrease in the number of thefts under $5,000 could have the effect of decreasing the overall crime rate when more serious crimes, such as assaults, were increasing (Wallace et al., 2009). Thus, in 2009, the Crime Severity Index was introduced so that offences were weighted based on their seriousness. Similarly, since 2009, clearance rates have also been calculated using a weighting formula that assigns more weight to more serious offences (Wallace et al., 2009). As a result of this weighting system, a national weighted clearance rate of 38% does not mean that police solved 38 out of every 100 recorded crimes. Clearance rate statistics today are therefore not straightforward reflections of how many incidents were cleared relative to how many occurred, making it more difficult to use these statistics for comparative purposes. However, as will be argued below, even prior to the introduction of the weighted clearance rate, using clearance rate data for comparative purposes was problematic for other reasons. Details: Abbotsford, BC, Canada: University of the Fraser Valley, Centre for Public Safety and Criminal Justice Research, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2013: Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 131599 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Canada)Incident-Based ReportingPolice-Reported Crime Statistics |